Comparison of Biodiesel Production Technologies From Vegetable Oils
In today's era, excessive dependence on transportation has led to widespread exploitation of fossil fuel resources, particularly petroleum, rapidly depleting this crucial energy source worldwide. On the other hand, the use of petroleum-based fuels has resulted in increased greenhouse gas emissions, ozone layer depletion, environmental pollution, respiratory disorders, and various other health issues in developing countries. The finite nature of fossil fuels and environmental crises has compelled researchers to seek alternative fuels that are both renewable and produce fewer pollutants. Biofuels, especially biodiesel, serve as a substitute for current diesel engines. These biological fuels (plant oils) face challenges such as poor ignition quality, necessitating modifications to make them suitable replacements for conventional diesel fuels in vehicles. Various technologies are employed for biodiesel production from plant oils, including direct use, oil blends, micro emulsions, pyrolysis, and trans esterification. This research discusses the advantages and drawbacks of these technologies, highlighting trans esterification as a superior method for biodiesel production due to its excellent benefits. Furthermore, the study delves into the preparation stages, mass dissolution in alcohol, trans esterification reaction, glycerin separation, and biodiesel washing.
Investigating an effective method for the synthesis of thiazolidines using ureabenzoic acid
Green chemistry, which is known as one of the most effective methods to prevent polution at the molecular level, is of great importance in industry and technology. Using suitable catalysts is one of the basic principles of green chemistry. In line with these goals, a quick, efficient, easy and environmentally Compatible synthesis of thiazolidine derivatives using nanocatalyst Fe3O4@SiO2@(CH2)3-urea-benzoic acid has been reported. The described catalyst, with its unique structure, shows excellent catalytic activity in the synthesis of thiazolidine derivatives using the three-component interaction of 4-chlorobenzaldehyde, 2-aminobenzothiazole and 2-mercaptoacetic acid under solvent-free conditions with high efficiency. The mentioned catalyst is stable in interaction conditions and can be recycled at least 4 times without losing its catalytic activity. The compounds synthesized in this research are nitrogen-containing heterocycles containing four rings. These compounds have attracted a lot of attention due to their use in many biological and medicinal processes. Recent research shows that these compounds are used as anti-coagulant, anti-AIDS, anti-fungal and anti-bacterial drugs.of 4-chlorobenzaldehyde, 2-aminobenzothiazole and 2-mercaptoacetic acid under solvent-free conditions with high efficiency. The mentioned catalyst is stable in interaction conditions and can be recycled at least 4 times without losing its catalytic activity. The compounds synthesized in this research are nitrogen-containing heterocycles containing four rings. These compounds have attracted a lot of attention due to their use in many biological and medicinal processes. Recent research shows that these compounds are used as anti-coagulant, anti-AIDS, anti-fungal and anti-bacterial drugs.
Nitrogen-Containing Heterocycle Derivatives
Investigation of CH3NH3SnI3 Thin layers and its use in solar cells
The main subject of this research is the investigation of perovskite thin layers based on tin and its use in new generation solar cells, the purpose of which is to achieve solar systems that have high performance and are more stable in addition to being non-toxic. Investigations of structural and optical parameters of SnI2 tin iodide layers showed that this substance can be used as an active substance in lead-free perovskite solar cells. For this purpose, a tin-based perovskite with CH3NH3SnI3 structure was made through a two-stage rotary-evaporation layering method in the presence of isopropanol solution, and after checking the effective parameters in layering such as heating temperature and also the temperature of the solution evaporation source, their optimal values Obtained. The results of the study of the effect of heating on its optical properties and surface morphology showed that the heating temperature in the range of 75°C to 150°C on the SnI2 thin layer has a great effect on the preferred orientation of the layers. The optimal heating temperature for this perovskite precursor was found to be close to 100°C, and at this temperature, its energy gap decreased from 1.86 eV to 1.42 eV, and it was used in the porous solar cell structure on a laboratory scale. The efficiency of the cell reaches the optimal value of 2.06%, which relatively increases the efficiency of the solar cell by 46% compared to the sample without evaporation of the solution.
The Potential of Hydrocarbon Resources, Extraction Problems and Its Impact on Afghanistan’s Economiy
Oil and gas reserves, Mines and natural resources are national assets and can lead Afghanistan to self-sufficiency and development. The actual reserves of hydrocarbon resources in the north of the country, if properly managed and used technically, can help the country to become energy self-sufficient. In the half century of oil and gas extraction, there have always been problems and obstacles, and the study has been written to assess the quantity and value of oil and gas reserves, external barriers in extraction, how to operate and its impact on the economy of Afghanistan, which have goals such as: The economic assessment of the North's oil and gas reserves follows the extraction situation, the problems facing oil and gas production, imports, the amount of oil and gas needed and the economic position of the oil and gas of Afghanistan. The research method is library and field visits of extraction, information collection from sub-departments, reports from foreign institutions and the Ministry of Mines and Petroleum of Afghanistan have been used to achieve better results. The results of this study indicate that exploration and extraction facilities in production areas that have been used for more than four decades, are worn out, lack of coordination and succession of working stages, lack of extractive development management, lack of use of modern technologies and lack of consideration for future of oil and gas extraction are serious obstacles. Since investment in oil and gas extraction is expensive compared to other sectors and production should be considered decades into the future, And because of today's provisions, the natural geological structure, the building of wells, the existing facilities and equipment shall not be seriously damaged.
The main factors of modeling and optimization of the technological organization of construction in Afghanistan
This article discusses the goals and directions of modeling and improving the organization and technology of construction in the conditions of Afghanistan based on the comparative analysis of tables and coefficients of the model as well as their impact on the state of the unit considering the construction in the current conditions. look into it. Factors that determine the efficiency of building production have key aspects affecting the construction process in the country, which are currently the main directions for improving the organization and technology of construction and its basic aspects are of significant importance. This research, taking into account the potential development of building production and the fluctuations of construction in the country, the effective factors including the improvement and progress of the technological processes of building production are mentioned and the basic factors to improve the current situation are identified, which significantly affect the production efficiency. A building in Afghanistan affects. For this reason, recommendations and strategies are provided to improve the construction industry according to the current requirements and conditions. The method of comparative analysis of tables and model coefficients as well as the analysis of basic factors in this research includes it. These approaches make it possible to conduct a comprehensive study of the construction industry in Afghanistan and highlight the most important aspects of improving production processes. Therefore, the results of this research are not only significant for the development of the construction industry in Afghanistan, but also make an important contribution to improving the construction industry in the country and ensuring more efficient and competitive performance of this industry in construction companies.
Determining the proper location of city parking lots using Analytic Hierarchy Process in GIS, case study: Sheberghan city
Locating or determining the proper location of urban parking lots from marginal parks reduces traffic congestion, air pollution, and increases the safety of inner-city travel and people's well-being. Determining the appropriate location of urban parking lots is done using the analysis hierarchy method (AHP) in the ArcGIS environment, which first measures the criteria of access to transportation terminals, the distance from attracting travel, the amount of access to roads, and the value of properties using the analysis method. The ranking and weighting hierarchy in the ArcGIS environment is overlapped using Boolean logic. In this research, to determine the proper location of urban parking lots, aerial photographs were first taken from the USGS site, and the location of the proposed parking lots was examined with the existing parking lots for the detailed plan map of the municipality. At the end, suitable locations in each traffic area have been obtained by combining the final network data model resulting from geographic criteria and traffic criteria. As a result of the cost of building parking lots and the rate of space required for the peak demand of parking in the year, the plan has been proposed in different traffic areas.
Review Creating green area on the hill of the Jawzjan University and its surroundings
The droughts of the last four decades and the decrease in seasonal rainfall have had a devastating and negative impact on all levels, including the green areas of the University of Jawzjan, which have become an earthen landscape and a vegetation-free environment. Creating green area on the University Hill is one of the most valuable and important goals that are of great importance in terms of social, cultural, urban beauty and environment. The presence of such green space reduces air pollution, environmental health, water and Soil conservation encourages and attracts the attention of local communities and undoubtedly completes an important part of the goals and vision of Jawzjan University and creates significant changes in the facade and beauty of the university environment, and it is also worth noting that the implementation of this plan creates a pleasant and pleasant environment in the University and prevents the erosion and destruction of this historical Hill, because natural processes (precipitation and wind gusts) and destruction caused by human activities are important factors that play a fundamental role in the destruction of this hill, and on the other hand, due to the severe lack of Water Resources and the purpose of preventing water evaporation and soil degradation in the irrigation of this green area, the drip irrigation system is used.
Investigating and determining the appropriate location of the power station in Miramore district by analyzing the geographic information system
Energy indeed plays a crucial role in economic growth, and the use of commercial energy has been linked to development in advanced societies. Countries that benefit less from commercial energy are often considered to be economically disadvantaged. Additionally, renewable energy sources are gaining prominence due to their environmentally friendly nature and accessibility, offering a clear perspective in this field. In evaluating the capacity of different sources for extracting water energy in the Miramor district of Daikundi province, the use of geographic information systems and new technology can significantly aid in the process. The analysis of geographic information system software can help determine the appropriate location for a power dam in the area. Images were initially downloaded from the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) site and then entered into a GIS program for analysis and layering. The analysis involved information layers of water flows to determine the water catchment area and receive the slope of the area for construction purposes. The analysis of information layers led to the identification of 885 points with different water flows in the catchment basin. Based on the information provided from these reseach, a very important catchment area with an area of 424 square kilometers has been determined according to the demand of the population of Miramor district, which is considered a favorable area for sufficient electricity production.
Extraction of Aluminum and Iron Oxides from Aluminum rocks of Tala and Barfak Mines in Chlorine Gas atmosphere
The basic raw material for the production of Aluminum and its citrus fruits is bauxite, which contains more than 50% of Aluminum oxide, but the lack of its natural resources in sufficient quantities in many countries has caused more attention to be paid to other Aluminum-bearing rocks. This study investigated the extraction of Aluminum and Iron oxides from Aluminum rocks of the Tala and Barfḵ mine in Chlorine Gas atmosphere. The effects of temperature, particle size of the ground Aluminum rocks, residence time of the materials in the reaction zone, and the amount of Chlorine gas consumption at different times were also investigated. The samples were first ground to a size of 0.01-0.03 mm using a laboratory mill and then placed in a reactor. The reactor was activated and a continuous flow of Chlorine gas was passed through it at different temperatures. The chlorination process was carried out at different temperatures. The results of the analysis, using an atomic absorption device, showed that about 56.128% of Aluminum oxides and 68.4% of Iron oxides were obtained in the first 60 minutes. Increasing the time to 120 minutes had a little effect on the conversion degree. Also, in this experiment, the optimum temperature was determined to be 650 °C and the particle size of the ground Aluminum rocks was 0.01-0.03 mm. The duration of stopping the materials in the interactive area was 60 minutes and the consumption of Chlorine gas was fixed at about 15 milliliters per minute
Planning of Electricity Distribution Network of Charshangu Village, Mangajek District, Jawzjan Province
In order to provide electricity to the consumers in a technical and standard way, it is necessary to plan an electrical network, so that the energy produced in the power plant can be delivered to the place of consumption correctly, with minimum waste and still with excellent quality. Distributed power transmission lines to consumers. The purpose of this research is to plan the electricity supply system and network of Charshangu village, Mangajek district, Jawzjan province, using a new method of electric energy distribution with an average voltage of 20KV .First of all, the electric load of the mentioned area, which includes the electric load of residential houses, commercial places, manufacturing and industrial establishments, and the electric load of public benefit institutions, has been surveyed and estimated in a standard way, and the installation location of the distribution transformer is in the appropriate place. The cross-section of energy transmission lines has been calculated and the appropriate network scheme has been selected. The planning and design of the electricity supply system of this area makes it possible for the consumers of electric energy to be free from problems such as no electricity, unauthorized reduction of voltage, disruptions in the normal operation of the electricity supply system, and unsteadiness of the range for at least the next 25 years. They are safe from power frequency, sudden short-circuits, sudden changes in power voltage fluctuations, and have reliable and high-quality power at their disposal and can benefit from it without interruption.
Evaluation of the application of conical section in engineering and architecture
Conical sections have different geometrical properties that are very useful in human life. Important engineering issues such as creating car parts, light and sound reflectors, designing and drawing graphs are done by using conic curves. In this reason knowing how to draw and use these curves are essential for every professional engineer. Conical sections are classified in different ways, for example, according to the ratio of the distance from the axis to the section and the distance from the section to the directory. In this research the classification is based on the position of the generator of the cone axis. The main goal of this research is to investigate the types of conic sections, the history and application of these curves in technical and architectural issues. This article has been written using reliable internal and external sources, analysis and review of scientific materials and articles on the subject using the library method. During the writing of this article and the analysis of scientific materials related to topic, got acquainted with the types of conic sections, the history of these curves in the ancient and Islamic periods, the practical use of conic sections in the ancient and modern times, and their applications in the solid’s that surround us, and so after analyzing and examining the natural and technical phenomenon, came to the conclusion that these curves are used not only in various sciences of mathematics, physics, astronomy, but also in the design and production of technical parts in technical and architectural departments
A Scientific Review of the Effects of Animal and Vegetable Oils on Human Health
In today’s world, healthy nutrition and the selection of proper food materials have become one of the most important issues for human being. Oils, as a fundamental component of the diet, play a vital role in providing energy and nutrients. The use of vegetable and animal oils in cooking has significant effects on human health, and understanding these effects can help make better dietary choices. This study investigates the effects of vegetable and animal oils on human health. With changing dietary habits and an increase in nutrition-related illnesses, the choice of oil has become a critical topic. The study population consisted of 60 individuals (30 consuming both animal and vegetable oils, and 30 consuming only vegetable oils). Data were collected via questionnaires and interviews and analyzed using statistical softwares. The results showed that the group consuming vegetable oils generally had better health than the group consuming both types. 80% of the vegetable oil group reported significant positive effects on their health, compared to 60% in the mixed-oil group. Furthermore, satisfaction with the taste of the oils was higher in the vegetable oil group. The study concludes that choosing vegetable oils over animal oils can contribute to improved public health. These results can support better nutritional decisions and improved quality of life, highlighting the need for further research in this area.
Studying the human skin microbiome and its impact on health
The human skin microbiome refers to the diverse community of microorganisms residing naturally on the skin surface. This microbiome includes bacteria, fungi, and viruses, each of plays a role in maintaining skin and body health. The role of the skin microbiome in overall human health has received increasing attention. Disturbances in the microbiome can lead to skin diseases such as acne, dermatitis, and skin lesions. Studies show that the skin microbiome may interact with the immune system and influence disease susceptibility, ultimately impacting overall health. This study aims to analyze the diversity of the skin microbiome and explore its association with different dermatological conditions. It also examines environmental and lifestyle factors on the microbiome and develops strategies to maintain or improve the desired skin microbiome. This study follows an applied research approach, employing a descriptive-analytical design with qualitative methods. The results showed that the diversity of the skin microbiome in healthy people is greater than that in people with skin diseases. It was also found that factors such as diet, stress, and the use of hygiene products affect the composition of the microbiome. The findings provide insights into potential therapeutic strategies for dermatological disorders and contribute to maintaining optimal skin health.
The role of nanotechnology in the treatment of cancer diseases
Cancer is a deadly disease that has plagued mankind for a long time and many people in the world suffer from it. However, cancer treatment has not been very successful due to the limited access of drugs to cancer tissue, intolerable toxicity and multiple drug resistance. In recent years, new methods for cancer treatment have been developed that nanotechnology is one of the most effective ways to treat and diagnose cancer. Prevention, early detection and treatment have been the main applications of nanotechnology in cancer. The purpose of this article is to provide insight into various aspects of nanotechnology in cancer treatment. which has been done through a review method by reading in reliable scientific sites and studing reliable articles. The results show that cancer nanotechnology provides a unique technology against cancer through early detection, prevention using nanoparticles and quantum dots. Nano biotechnology plays an important role in the discovery of cancer environmental markers. Quantum dots, magnetic nanoparticles and gold nanoparticles. have been developed as carriers of environmental molecules that can detect environmental markers of cancer. Cancer diagnosis and status with the help of nanoparticles include environmental molecules such as proteins, antibody fragments, DNA fragments and RNA fragments as the basis of cancer biomarkers.
Examining the level of environmental awareness of Jawzjan University students
This research has been conducted with the aim of examining the environmental awareness level of the students at Jawzjan University (JU) and enhancing their knowledge in the better utilization of natural resources. The research method used is considered promotional based on the nature of the data, which is analytical-inferential. Data collection was conducted using a questionnaire tool in the form of field surveys. The statistical population of this research includes the students of Jawzjan University, from whom 100 individuals were randomly selected as sample. To evaluate the reliability of the questionnaire, Cronbach's Alpha (CA) coefficient was used, which indicates the satisfactory reliability of the tool used. The results show that 4 percent of the students have no awareness of environmental issues, 11 percent have very low awareness, 12 percent have low awareness, 37 percent have moderate awareness, and 36 percent have high awareness. Additionally, the level of environmental awareness varies among the seven faculties, with students from the Faculty of Geology and Mines having the highest level of awareness, while students from the Faculty of Education have the lowest level of awareness. These findings indicate the need to strengthen environmental education in universities and implement awareness programs. Especially, the development of educational programs can be effective in increasing students' awareness and the culture of environmental protection, thereby preparing the country's youth to face upcoming environmental challenges.
Quantitative and Qualitative Assessment of Groundwater in the Fifth District, Ansari Passage, Mazar-e-Sharif City
Water, as one of the most essential natural resources for sustainable development, is of great importance, especially in areas that face not only quantitative limitations but also qualitative threats. In the fifth district of Mazar-e-Sharif, groundwater resources are under pressure both quantitatively due to population growth and qualitatively due to poor wastewater management and improper water consumption. The aim of this research is to assess the current status of groundwater and identify the challenges of water resource management in this area. The figures of this study include official statistics from the Balkh River Basin Authority (BRBA), field observations, and sampling from monitoring wells. The results indicate that during the years 2020-2024, the groundwater level has significantly decreased, with the water depth dropping by approximately 6.5 meters during this period. In terms of quality, due to the lack of a sewage system, wastewater pollution, and acid rain, the quality of the water has been severely affected. To improve the situation, measures such as the implementation of advanced irrigation systems, the use of modern methods to reduce water consumption, proper management of water resources, the establishment of a sewage system, waste management, and the control of industrial wastewater are essential.
Study of Topographic Features and their Role in City Site Selection
The establishment and physical development of cities are primarily dependent on environmental and geographical conditions. Urban adjacent spaces, in relation to various natural environmental factors such as topographical features and proximity to natural formations like mountains, plains, seas, lowlands, and coastal areas, as well as the prevailing climatic conditions, play a decisive role in the development of cities. The aim of this research is to examine and compare the topographic features and their role in selecting suitable urban locations in Afghanistan, and to explore the geographical diversity of this country. Afghanistan, due to its mountainous location and the presence of plains and deep valleys, has a diverse topography that affects the economic, social, and cultural aspects of cities. One of the main objectives of this research is also to examine how topography affects the planning and implementation of urban infrastructure such as roads, buildings, and service networks in mountainous, semi-mountainous, and flat areas. The main issue of the present research is identifying urban development patterns based on topographic diversity, particularly the impact of slope, climatic conditions, and agricultural lands on the development of Afghanistan cities. The method of this research is based on developmental goals and, from the perspective of data nature, is descriptive-analytical, with data and information collected through library research. The findings of the research indicate that topographic features not only influence the formation of cities but also affect their economic, political, and social development. Understanding this diversity can contribute to more sustainable planning in the future.
A New Solution To Improve Air Quality: A Prototype Of Air Purifier
Air pollution has become one of the major challenges of recent decades, having severe and toxic effects on human health and the environment. In today's world, where widespread air pollution and its irreparable consequences on humanity and ecosystems are evident, the need for air filters is felt more than ever. An air filter is a device that separates harmful particles from the air and transforms polluted air into clean, unpolluted air. With the advancement of technology, efforts to develop high-quality and high-capacity filters that can purify air in the best possible way have increased. However, the high cost of this process is considered a significant challenge. This research was conducted using library and comparative methods, and its goal is to design and construct a portable air purification unit using HEPA and activated carbon filters. The goal is to design an effective and low-cost device that can provide clean air in enclosed and crowded environments such as halls, educational centers, shopping centers, and restaurants. As a result of the researchers' efforts, a desirable prototype of this device was built, and work on enhancing its capacity and efficiency continues. The research team is committed to ensuring that the results of this project and the developed device can raise awareness about the importance of clean air and an unpolluted environment. They also hope that this project will be a source of inspiration for young researchers working in the field of environment and air quality. The development of an air purifier based on HEPA and activated carbon filters is a practical and effective approach to reducing the effects of air pollution in indoor environments. This project not only improves the quality of life and public health; it can also serve as a model for the development of sustainable technologies on a global level.
Preventing the erosion of chemical industry equipment using repairs and different maintenance methods
Currently, one of the fundamental problems of the chemical industries in Afghanistan is the outdated and worn-out equipment that is used in factories in a non-standard manner and with low production capacity. The aim of the current research is to examine the damages and erosions that occur in the equipment of the chemical industries considering their working environment; taking into account the existing deficiencies, strategies are implemented to prevent damages and unfortunate incidents. In order to prevent the erosion and damage of equipment in the chemical industries, various methods such as preventive maintenance, corrective repairs, scientific and empirical management, the use of technology, and equipment life management are employed. As a result, by implementing such strategies, the useful life of chemical industry equipment is extended, and sudden stoppages, economic losses, human casualties, and environmental pollution are prevented. One of the most important factors is the management of the equipment's lifecycle, which is examined as a major strategy for the optimal use of equipment over the period (from purchase to depreciation). Additionally, this research emphasizes the importance of combining all these factors to enhance efficiency and utilization in industrial environments.
The Choice of Appropriate Mining Method for Western Part of Sabashak Coalmine Via Modified Nicholas Rule
Selecting the appropriate extraction method for mines is one of the vital issues. The aim of this research is to select the appropriate extraction method for the western part of the Shabashak coal mine. In this research, in order to select the appropriate extraction method for the western part of the Shabashak coal mine, the UBC (University of British Colombia) Mining Method Selector software has been used, which operates based on the modified Nicholas rule or UBC. The Nicholas rule is such that it considers the degree of conformity of the geometric characteristics and mechanical properties of the mineral body and its surrounding rocks with various extraction methods, assigning scores of -49, -1, 0, 1-2, and 3-4. Based on geological data, the western part of the Shabashak coal mine has the following geometric characteristics: vein-like, low dip, very thin thickness, an average depth of more than 600 meters, and excellent quality. Additionally, the adjacent rocks and coal layers have a medium to weak RMR value. After applying the geometric specifications and mechanical properties of the coal layers and its adjacent rocks in the mentioned software, the longwall mining method, cutting and filling, and pillar cell methods were obtained as the most suitable extraction methods due to their highest scores.
Investigating the role of catalytic converters in vehicle exhaust to reduce air pollution
Air pollution is considered one of the major environmental problems that arises from the combustion of fossil fuels. Vehicles are recognized as a significant source of harmful gases such as Carbon monoxide (CO), unburned Hydrocarbons (HC), and Nitrogen Oxides (NOX), which pose a serious threat to human health and the environment. This article examines the role of catalytic converters in reducing air pollution. The research method of this article is based on a developmental objective and is analytical-descriptive in nature. Additionally, data collection was conducted through library research by reviewing related studies. Catalytic converters are valuable devices installed in vehicle exhaust systems that reduce air pollution by converting harmful gases into non-harmful gases. Research results show that catalytic converters can convert 90 to 97 percent of harmful gases into non-harmful gases. Additionally, there is a need for further research to improve the performance of these converters. Especially in Afghanistan, which faces serious air pollution problems, the use of catalytic converters can lead to a reduction in diseases and the preservation of public health. Ultimately, paying attention to the maintenance and proper use of catalytic converters in vehicles, especially in urban areas, is of special importance and can help improve air quality and public health.
Investigating factors affecting the choice of reactor type (fixed bed or fluid bed) in chemical industries
Reactors are among the most important equipment in the chemical industry, used for carrying out chemical reactions. Choosing the appropriate type of reactor for a technological process results in the production of high-quality chemical products with lower energy consumption in a short period. The aim of this research was to identify the appropriate type of reactor for specific productions, using credible domestic and international scientific sources for identification. Studies showed that fixed bed reactors consist of a spongy solid bed through which the interacting fluid passes, and chemical interactions occur on the surface of the catalytic or non-catalytic bed particles. Fluidized bed reactors are also composed of a spongy carrier bed that is suspended by the interacting fluid, with the particles in motion, and chemical interactions occur on the surface of these particles. Both types of reactors have their own advantages and disadvantages. Fixed bed reactors have advantages such as simplicity in design and construction, ease of use, and low consumption. However, they also have disadvantages such as the formation of hot spots and limited mass and heat transfer capacity. Fluidized bed reactors also have advantages such as excellent fluid mixing, uniform heat distribution, high mass and heat transfer capacity, and the absence of hot spots. On the other hand, they also have disadvantages such as complexity in design and construction, and erosion of bed particles. Considering the above factors, it can be concluded that the selection of the appropriate type of reactor in chemical industries depends on various factors such as the type of interaction, operating conditions, and technological process requirements.
Investigation of the Effect of Taqchakhana Salt Dome on the Quality of Namak AB River, Takhar province
Salt domes affect the quality of surface and groundwater, as well as the soil quality in the downstream areas, due to the dissolution of various salts. During this process, a significant volume of salts enters the seawater each year and, under the influence of various erosive factors, especially water, it reaches the lower areas and affects the water quality. The aim of this research is to examine the impact of the Taqchakhana salt dome on the water quality of the downstream areas. To conduct this research, 9 water samples were collected from the Namakab river, springs on the right and left sides of the river, and water emerging from beneath the salt dome over a period of 2 days from these areas. The variables of arsenic, copper, iron, zinc, measure dissolved solids, electrical conductivity, magnesium, nitrite, bacteria, dissolved oxygen, and pH were measured and examined. Additionally, the studied parameters were compared with the standards of WHO, USEPA, and Indian Standard. The results indicate that the concentration of dissolved solids in Namakab from the salt dome is higher (TDS=136PPM) and lower from the salt dome (TDS=1943PPM), the concentration of dissolved salts is higher from the salt dome (EC=0.18 ϻs/cm) and lower from the salt dome (EC=2.59 ϻs/cm), turbidity is higher from the salt dome (NTU=1.14 NTU) and lower from the salt dome (NTU=70.4 NTU), nitrate is higher from the salt dome (Nitrate=1-2 Mg/L) and lower from the salt dome (Nitrate=2-5 Mg/L), dissolved oxygen is higher from the salt dome (O=5 Mg/L) and lower from the salt dome (O=4 Mg/L), pH is higher and lower from the salt dome (pH=7.5), temperature is 25°C, arsenic concentration is higher and lower from the salt dome (0µg/L), copper concentration is higher from the salt dome (Cu=0.09 Mg/L) and lower from the salt dome (Cu=1.96Mg/L), and iron and zinc concentration is higher and lower from the salt dome (Zn-Fe=0.01 Mg/L). From comparing the obtained results with globally accepted standards, it can be concluded that the water of Namakab is not suitable for drinking and irrigating agricultural lands after passing through the mining area.
Investigating the social benefits of substituting CNG for other fuels to reduce pollution in Sheberghan City
One of the main factors contributing to increased pollution is the presence of old and smoky vehicles. The excessive increase of such vehicles in cities, pollutants have risen, leading to various diseases such as respiratory disorders, cardiovascular diseases, and even climate change. Additionally, the excessive use of fossil fuels, especially gasoline, incurs two drawbacks: it causes environmental pollution and increases prices, which in turn opens the door to the use of other fuel materials, including natural gas. The results of numerous studies indicated that the use of Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) in vehicles can be an effective solution for addressing environmental pollution problems in cities and can lead to savings in fuel costs. The aim of this research is to compare CNG gas with other fuels and to assess its effectiveness in engines. The method of this research is based on a promotional objective and, from the perspective of data nature, is analytical-descriptive, with data and information collection carried out through library methods. The results of this research indicate that compressed natural gas is a safe and clean fuel, causing less environmental damage compared to other fuels, and a greater number of vehicles also use it. Therefore, it can lead to the development of the compressed gas industry. Considering the rich natural gas resources of the city of Sheberghan and attracting government investment, the importance and position of compressed gas have become one of the best alternatives to fuel materials in internal combustion engines.
Projecting Sketch of Technological Gathering and Refining System Jurassic Mine of Khwaja Gogerdak Gas Area
The subject of this research is the chemical-technological design of the gathering and processing system for the Jurassic gas field of Khwaja Ghogordak. The main objective of this article to determine the most suitable devices and industrial equipment for the collection, purification, and preparation of natural gas from the Jurassic deposit of the Khwaja Ghogordak gas field, through the chemical-technological design of gas collection and purification systems using contemporary methods and modern equipment. The data was collected through distributing open ended interview. The participants were officials and experts, as well as the study of related conducted research. The results of the research indicate that the composition of natural gas in the present study's mine is different from that of the currently extracted mine in the Hetriun area. The harmful gases hydrogen sulfide and carbon dioxide present in the composition of the transferable gas cause rusting and damage to industrial equipment and pipes. Additionally, hydrogen sulfide is a highly toxic gas, and an amount of 0.1 percent of this gas in the air can cause unconsciousness and death. Therefore, the appropriate technological chemical design of the gas collection and purification system has led to a significant reduction in the amount of gas extracted from the gas fields being developed, which is an important and valuable step.
Investigation of the Concentration and Effects of Light and Heavy Elements in the Surface and Groundwater of the Village of Zangalan
Today, one of the problems facing human societies is the pollution of surface and groundwater, which can be polluted by various factors. The aim of this research is to examine the concentration of light and heavy elements in the waters of the village of Zangalan. In this research, the chemical quality of surface and groundwater in the region, particularly the heavy metals present in the water, has been examined. Groundwater samples were collected from four wells and surface water samples from two areas above and below the village of Zangalan using random sampling from the beginning of May to the recent month of January in the year 2023, and were analyzed for element concentration using the Plantest 7500-8000 analysis machine. The findings indicate that the levels of light and heavy metal pollution in the groundwater of the village of Zangalan are as follows: sodium 1mg/lit, potassium 0.94mg/lit, magnesium 0.33mg/lit, strontium 0.83mg/lit, iron 1.12mg/lit, zinc 1.21mg/lit, copper 1.12mg/lit, and bismuth 0.06mg/lit, which are below the international standards. The remaining elements exceed the standards set by the World Health Organization (WHO). In surface waters, except for the manganese element which is present at 0.01mg/lit, the rest of the elements exceed international standards. The main reason for the high concentration of elements, especially heavy metals, in the surface waters of the village of Zangalan is the failure to prevent the mixing of wastewater from the 207 Al-Farooq Corps. Additionally, the improper use of chemical fertilizers for agriculture, the entry of domestic and animal wastewater into the water, and the absence of water treatment facilities are among other factors that have contaminated these waters with high concentrations of heavy metals.
Investigating of the extend for oil and gas Newcom layers complex, in the north of Afghanistan
It is essential to study the characteristics of gas fields to determine the amount of oil and gas reserves. Therefore, in the present research, the sections of the characteristics of the Volansion, Hettangians, and Berriam complexes were studied. The objectives of this research are to identify the strata containing the mentioned complex in northern Afghanistan and to determine its extent in the studied areas, reveal the characteristics of the collector rocks in the discovered productive strata, and finally explain the lithological and petrographic composition of the reservoir rocks. In this research, the methodology is based on a developmental objective and is analytical-inferential in nature, with data collection carried out through library research. In the findings and results of this research, the layers included in the Neocom oil and gas-bearing complex, the determination of its extent, highlighting the differences in reservoir and filtration properties, revealing the maximum thickness of the productive layer, determining permeability and gas saturation, and also identifying the lithological and petrographic composition have been specified.
Application of Derivative in Function Limit, Series, Multiple roots, Differential and Linearization
The derivative is one of the fundamental and practical concepts in mathematics, introduced in the early 17th century by the French mathematician Pierre Fermat. Derivative is used in solving complex calculating engineering and medical science. In this paper, derivative function is utilized in the derivatives of functions in calculations involving the exponential function , trigonometric functions, functions limits, determining the multiple roots, differential and linearization. The significance of this research lies in demonstrating how derivatives of functions can be effectively applied in mathematics. The objective of this study is to identify specific relationships for calculating the exponential function , trigonometric functions, evaluating limits of complex and intricate functions using derivatives, determining the nature of polynomial roots as well as differential and linearization through the application of derivatives.This is an applied research and has been completed using a library research approach. Noteworthy results include established relationships for calculating functions and solving limits of functions using 'Hôpital' rule, and determining the nature of polynomial roots (simple, multiple, and repeated) and linearization.
Investigating the Potentials of Renewable Energy from the Perspective of Physics
Renewable energy has received public attention in recent decades as one of the important and valuable solutions for dealing with environmental crises and reducing dependence on fossil fuels. This research examines the various potentials of renewable energy from the perspective of physics and analyzes its various dimensions. Considering climate change and the need for sustainable development, research on renewable energy sources is of great importance. Solar, wind and hydro energies can help reduce pollution and increase energy security. A scientific understanding of these potentials can provide more effective solutions for relevant sector and industry. The main goal of this research is to examine and analyze the various potentials of renewable energy with a physics view. This research also identifies the challenges and opportunities in the exploitation of these energy resources and ultimately provides an alternative to improve their performance. The research method in terms of aim is the developmental objective, descriptive-analytical in terms of the nature of the data and information, and qualitative in terms of the method. Also, information collection was carried out through library studies of related books and articles. The results indicate a sustainable future with the capabilities of physical science and there is also high potential for energy production from renewable sources, especially in areas with specific geographical and climatic characteristics. Making efficient policy decisions and promoting related technologies can help in the proper exploitation of these resources and reduce the current challenges in the development of renewable energies.
The role of vitamins D and C on the COVID-19 virus
Corona virus epidemic disease (Covid-19) which with common symptoms of fever, shortness of breath and cough is a great threat to the public health of the world and a significant cause of death worldwide. During the years of 2019-2022, this disease has been spreading day by day until now, with the provision of the Covid-19 vaccine, its spread has been prevented as much as possible. Strengthening the body's protective system is one of the most important ways to fight this disease, and vitamins, especially vitamins C and D, are among the things that strengthen this system. Various studies have reported the positive role of vitamin D in preventing the disease of Covid-19 and reducing the serious effects caused by the disease. By strengthening the system and increasing the production of antioxidant and antimicrobial agents, vitamin D can play an effective role in preventing the spread of Covid-19. Also, vitamin C may be effective in preventing viral infections and in treating acute respiratory diseases including infections caused by viruses such as Covid-19 and strengthening the protective system. Therefore, it is recommended to consume as much as vitamin C, especially in the conditions of the Covid-19 epidemic. The current review study was conducted with the aim of investigating the role of vitamins D and C on the covid-19 virus, on the healing process of infectious diseases and the effect of this vitamin on strengthening the protective system. The findings show that consuming wetamines C and D during Covid-19 epidemic strengthen the protective system.